{"id":234,"date":"2025-01-23T11:41:36","date_gmt":"2025-01-23T05:56:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pokharelsugam.com.np\/bioinformatics\/?p=234"},"modified":"2025-01-26T00:14:13","modified_gmt":"2025-01-25T18:29:13","slug":"introduction-c-programming-language","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pokharelsugam.com.np\/bioinformatics\/introduction-c-programming-language\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction to C Programming Language"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Defination: A general purpose, procedural programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs. It is used for software, embedded systems and applictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Features of c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is simple and efficient.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Supports structured programming.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Low-leve access to memory.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rich set of library function<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Basic Structure of C<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Preprocessor directives<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Main Function<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Variables and statements<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Return Statement<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Additional Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Each expression must end with semicolon (;).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Next comes the opening brace &#8216;{&#8221; which indicates the beginning of the function.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The closing brace &#8216;}&#8217; indicates the end of the function.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8216;\/\/&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8217; is used for single line remarks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8216;\/*&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.*\/&#8217; is used for multiline remarks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preprocessor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The C preprocessor is a text processing tool that is used to modify the source code of a C program before it is compiled. It handle directives for the following in c program<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Source file inclusion (#include)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Macro definition (#define)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conditional inclusion(#if, #ifdef, #elif, #endif)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Miscellaneous directives (#,pragma, #undef, #error)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>File Inclusion<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>#include&lt;filename&gt; ; in specific directory, if you use DevC++ then in C:\/Dev-Cpp\/include<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>#include &#8220;filename&#8221; ; in specific and current directory(cpp saved files location)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Header Files<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A file that is defined to be included at the beginning of a program in C language that contains the definitions of data types and declarations of variables used by the functions in the program is called header file.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is placed at top of the every program and it&#8217;s file extension is &#8216;.h&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Header Files<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Main functions<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>stdio.h<\/td><td>Standard input and output<\/td><td>gets(), puts(), gstchar(), scanf(), printf(), rename (), etc<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>conio.h<\/td><td>Console input output (for DOS complier)<\/td><td>getch(), getche()<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>math.h<\/td><td>Mathematical calculation<\/td><td>sin(x), log(x), pow(x,2), srt(x), cbrt(x)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Some header files<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Character Set = alphabet, number, spec<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Keywords<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The predefined reversed word of c program is called keyword which is directly recognized by compiler. The keywords are written in lowercase. There are 32 keyword in c programming. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>Keyword<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Use<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Keyword<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Use<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><code>auto<\/code><\/td><td>Automatic variable storage duration<\/td><td><code>break<\/code><\/td><td>Exit a loop or switch<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>case<\/code><\/td><td>Label in a switch statement<\/td><td><code>char<\/code><\/td><td>Declares a character variable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>const<\/code><\/td><td>Constant value<\/td><td><code>continue<\/code><\/td><td>Skip the current iteration of a loop<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>default<\/code><\/td><td>Default label in switch<\/td><td><code>do<\/code><\/td><td>Start a do-while loop<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>double<\/code><\/td><td>Declares a double precision floating point<\/td><td><code>else<\/code><\/td><td>Defines the else condition in an if-else statement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>enum<\/code><\/td><td>Declares an enumerated type<\/td><td><code>extern<\/code><\/td><td>Declares a variable or function that is defined elsewhere<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>float<\/code><\/td><td>Declares a floating point variable<\/td><td><code>for<\/code><\/td><td>Start a for loop<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>goto<\/code><\/td><td>Jump to a specific label<\/td><td><code>if<\/code><\/td><td>Conditional statement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>inline<\/code><\/td><td>Suggests inlining of a function<\/td><td><code>int<\/code><\/td><td>Declares an integer variable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>long<\/code><\/td><td>Declares a long integer<\/td><td><code>register<\/code><\/td><td>Suggests storing a variable in a CPU register<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>return<\/code><\/td><td>Return from a function<\/td><td><code>short<\/code><\/td><td>Declares a short integer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>signed<\/code><\/td><td>Declares a signed variable<\/td><td><code>sizeof<\/code><\/td><td>Returns the size of a data type or variable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>static<\/code><\/td><td>Statically allocated variable<\/td><td><code>struct<\/code><\/td><td>Defines a structure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>switch<\/code><\/td><td>Start a switch statement<\/td><td><code>typedef<\/code><\/td><td>Define a type alias<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>union<\/code><\/td><td>Defines a union type<\/td><td><code>unsigned<\/code><\/td><td>Declares an unsigned variable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>void<\/code><\/td><td>Specifies an empty return type or function argument type<\/td><td><code>volatile<\/code><\/td><td>Declares a variable whose value can change at any time<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><code>while<\/code><\/td><td>Start a while loop<\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Identifier<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The name given to various elements such as constants, variables, function name, etc rather than keywords called identifier. Identifiers are defined according to the following rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It consists of letter, digit and underscore &#8216;_&#8217; only.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>First character must be an alphabet or underscore.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Keywords can not be used as identifier<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Only one special character &#8216;_&#8217; can use.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For Example add, sum, num, c12, _at, s_m, etc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comments in C<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#8216;\/\/&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8217; is used for single line remarks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8216;\/*&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.*\/&#8217; is used for multiline remarks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Using C Compilers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Using Browser<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Use online OnlineGDB &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.onlinegdb.com\/\">https:\/\/www.onlinegdb.com\/<\/a>&#8221; or any other compiler and C as language<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Installing Application<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Download and install Dev C++  through the Official Embarcadero Website: &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.embarcadero.com\/free-tools\/dev-cpp\">https:\/\/www.embarcadero.com\/free-tools\/dev-cpp<\/a>&#8221; For Windows<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Or use any complier you know for search in internet for help.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Basic Structure of C<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\/\/Structure of C\n\/\/You can use EITHER<\/mark>\n#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;  \/\/ Preprocessor directives (Header File)\n<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">int main()<\/mark> {  \/\/ Entry point (Main Function)\n   \/\/Code Statements\n   <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">return 0;  \/\/ Return Statement<\/mark>\n}\n\n\/\/ _________________________________________________________\n\n<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\/\/ OR you can use following<\/mark>\n#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;  \/\/ Preprocessor directives (Header File)\n<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">void main()<\/mark> {  \/\/ Entry point (Main Function)\n   \/\/Code Statements\n   <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\/\/No Return Statement<\/mark>\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Input and Output in C<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\/\/ Printing Hello World<\/mark>\n#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;\nint main() { \n  printf(\"Hello World\");\n  return 0;  \/\/ Return Statement\n}\n\n<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">\/\/Display the input prompt to enter input and display output<\/mark>\n#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;\nint main() {\n  int a;\n  printf(\"Enter the value of a\");\n  scanf(\"%d\", &amp;a);  \n  printf(\"The value of a is : %d\", a);\n  return 0;  \/\/ Return Statement\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Types in C<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Primary (Basic) Datatype<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Derived Data Type<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enumeration Data Type<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>User-Defined Data Types<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Primary Data Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Data Type<\/strong><\/td><td>Type<\/td><td><strong>Memory<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>void<\/td><td>nothing<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>char<\/td><td>character<\/td><td>1 byte<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>int<\/td><td>Integer<\/td><td>2 or 4 bytes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>float<\/td><td>Floating point<\/td><td>4 bytes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>double<\/td><td>Decimal large<\/td><td>8 bytes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Basic Data type in c<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Derived Data Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td>Type<\/td><td>Description<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Array<\/td><td>Collection of union of same data type<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Pointer<\/td><td>Stores the address of a variable<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Structure<\/td><td>Combines variables of different types into single unit<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Union<\/td><td>Similar to structure but uses shared memory<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Enumeration Data Type<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/\/ It use keyword : <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">enum<\/mark>\n\/\/ Example\nenum colors{RED, GREEN, BLUE};\nenum colors c = RED; \/\/ c will have a value of 0<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">User Defined Data Type<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/\/ Created by user to suit specific requirements.\n\/\/ \"<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\">typedef<\/mark>\" is used to give a new name to an existing data type.\n\/\/Example\ntypedef int age; \/\/ here \"age\" become new data type where age behave integer\nage prson_age = 25;\n\n\/\/__________________________________________________\n\n\/\/\"<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Modifiers in Data Types<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Modifiers alter the size and range of primary data types. They are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>signed, unsigned, short, long.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><thead><tr><th><strong>Modifier<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Data Type<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Size (in bytes)<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Range<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>short int<\/td><td>int<\/td><td>2<\/td><td>-32,768 to +32,767<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>unsigned int<\/td><td>int<\/td><td>2 or 4<\/td><td>0 to 65,535 (2 bytes) or 0 to 4,294,967,295 (4 bytes)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>long int<\/td><td>int<\/td><td>4<\/td><td>-2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>unsigned long int<\/td><td>int<\/td><td>4<\/td><td>0 to 4,294,967,295<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>signed char<\/td><td>char<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>-128 to +127<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>unsigned char<\/td><td>char<\/td><td>1<\/td><td>0 to 255<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Using data type in variable declaration<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Constant Declaration &nbsp;\u2192 const int a= 5;   \/\/constant integer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Variable Declaration &nbsp;\u2192 int a= 5;   \/\/variable declartion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Local variable &nbsp;\u2192 Declared within the function<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Global variable &nbsp;\u2192 Declared outside the function<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/\/To assign integer value to variable and print it.\n#include&lt;stdio.h&gt;\nmain()\n{\n\tint x= 5; \/\/variable declaration\n\tprintf(\"value of x=%d\",x);\n\treturn 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of specifier <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is used to format input and output in screen. It is of two types; escape sequence(format nonprintable character) and format specifier(format printable character)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Escape Sequence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Escape Sequence <\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Meaning<\/strong> \/normally used by printf() function<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\\&#8217;<\/td><td>Pint &#8216; in output<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\\&#8221;<\/td><td>Print &#8221; in output<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\\0<\/td><td>Terminate string<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\\n<\/td><td>New line in output display<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\\t<\/td><td>Create tab or 8 space in print output<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Escape sequence<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Format Specifier<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Format Sequence <\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Meaning<\/strong> \/normally used by scanf() and printf() function<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>%d, %i<\/td><td>signed integer with + or &#8211; sign<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>%u<\/td><td>unsigned integer without + or &#8211; sign<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>%f<\/td><td>float number<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>%e<\/td><td>exponent number<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>%o<\/td><td>octal integer<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>%c<\/td><td>single character<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>%s<\/td><td>string<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Uses of Format Specifier in C<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Example<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Output<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>printf(&#8220;%d&#8221;, a);<\/td><td><mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-7-color\">12345678<\/mark><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-6-color\"><\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>printf(&#8220;%10d&#8221;, a);<\/td><td><mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-7-color\">          12345678<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>printf(&#8220;%-10d&#8221;, a);<\/td><td><mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-7-color\">12345678          <\/mark> <\/td><\/tr><tr><td>printf(&#8220;%f&#8221;, a);<\/td><td><mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-7-color\">1.2345678<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>printf(&#8220;%5.3f&#8221;, a);<\/td><td><mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-7-color\">     1.234<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>printf(&#8220;%x&#8221;, a);<\/td><td><mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-7-color\">BC614E<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>printf(&#8220;%s&#8221;, c);<\/td><td><mark style=\"background-color:var(--ast-global-color-2)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-7-color\">COMPUTER<\/mark><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Operators<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Operator<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Function<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>+<\/td><td>Add<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&#8211;<\/td><td>Substract<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>*<\/td><td>Multiply<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\/<\/td><td>Divide<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>%<\/td><td>Reminder of Division<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Arithmetic Operator<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Operator<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Function<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>==<\/td><td>Return true if both are equal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>!=<\/td><td>Return true if both are unequal<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&lt;<\/td><td>Return true if first value is less<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&gt;<\/td><td>Return true if first value is greater<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&lt;=<\/td><td>Return true if first value is less or equal to second value<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&gt;=<\/td><td>Return true if first value is greater or equal to second value<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Relational Operator<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Operator<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Function<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>&amp;&amp;<\/td><td>AND Logic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>||<\/td><td>OR Logic<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>!<\/td><td>NOT Logic<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Logical Operator<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Increment Operator<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>++ is used as increment operator, it increase the value of variable by 1. Example; i++, a++ (post increment), ++i, ++a (pre increment).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Decrement Operator<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8212; is used as decrement operator, it decrease the value of variable by 1. Example; i&#8211;, a&#8211; (post decrement), &#8211;i, &#8211;a (pre decrement).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Input Output Function<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Function<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Uses<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Type<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>printf()<\/td><td>To print<\/td><td>Formatted Output<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>scanf()<\/td><td>To assign input value<\/td><td>Formatted Input<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>getch()<\/td><td>Get Character; hold output screen for next line until user press any key. It doesn&#8217;t echo(display) character during entry.  Can be used instead of scanf() for single character<\/td><td>Unformatted Input<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>getche()<\/td><td>Get Character; hold output screen for next line until user press any key. It echo(display) character during entry. Can be used instead of scanf() for single character<\/td><td>Unformatted Input<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>putch()<\/td><td>Put Character; Print Single Character<\/td><td>Unformatted Output<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>getchar()<\/td><td>To read character from keyboard <\/td><td>Unformatted Input<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>putchar()<\/td><td>To print character on monitor<\/td><td>Unformatted Output<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>gets()<\/td><td>To read single or multiple word from keyboard<\/td><td>Unformatted Input<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>puts()<\/td><td>To print single or multiple word on monitor<\/td><td>Unformatted Output<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Example 1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>\/\/Ask two integer and find it's sum\n#include&lt;stdio.h>\nint main()\n{\n\tint a, b, sum;\n\tprintf(\"Enter first integer=\");\n\tscanf(\"%d\",&amp;a);\n\tprintf(\"Enter first integer=\");\n\tscanf(\"%d\",&amp;b);\n\tsum = a+ b;\n\tprintf(\"%d+%d = %d\",a,b,sum);\n\treturn 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conditional Statements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. if Statement <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>if (condition) {\n    \/\/ code to execute if condition is true\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include&lt;stdio.h>\nint main()\n{\n\tint n;\n\tprintf(\"Enter marks= \");\n\tscanf(\"%d\",&amp;n);\n        if(n>=35){\n\t        printf(\"You are passed\");\n        }\n        if(n&lt;35){\n            printf(\"You are failed\");\n        }\n\treturn 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. if -else Statement <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>if (condition) {\n    \/\/ code if true\n} else {\n    \/\/ code if false\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include&lt;stdio.h>\nint main()\n{\n\tint n;\n\tprintf(\"Enter marks= \");\n\tscanf(\"%d\",&amp;n);\n        if(n>=35){\n\t        printf(\"You are passed\");\n        }\n        else{\n            printf(\"You are failed\");\n        }\n\treturn 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. if &#8211; else if -else Statement <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>if (condition) {\n    \/\/ code if true\n} else if {\n    \/\/ code if true\n} \n else if {\n    \/\/ code if true\n}\n else if {\n    \/\/ code if true\n}\n else if {\n    \/\/ code if true\n}\nelse {\n    \/\/ code if false\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include&lt;stdio.h>\nint main()\n{\n\tint n;\ncome_back:\n\tprintf(\"\\nEnter marks= \");\n\tscanf(\"%d\",&amp;n);\n        if(n>=90 &amp;&amp; n&lt;=100){\n\t    printf(\"Your grade is: A+\");\n        }\n        else if(n>=80 &amp;&amp; n&lt;90){\n            printf(\"Your grade is: A\");\n        }\n        else if(n>=70 &amp;&amp; n&lt;80){\n            printf(\"Your grade is: B+\");\n        }\n        else if(n>=60 &amp;&amp; n&lt;70){\n            printf(\"Your grade is: B\");\n        }\n        else if(n>=50 &amp;&amp; n&lt;60){\n            printf(\"Your grade is: C+\");\n        }\n        else if(n>=40 &amp;&amp; n&lt;50){\n            printf(\"Your grade is: C\");\n        }\n        else if(n>=35 &amp;&amp; n&lt;40){\n            printf(\"Your gradr is: D\");\n        }\n        else if(n>=1 &amp;&amp; n&lt;35){\n            printf(\"Non Graded\");\n        }\n        else{\n            printf(\"Invalid Entry; Please Enter number between 1-100\");\n        }\n        goto come_back;\n\treturn 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. switch Statement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include &lt;stdio.h>\n\nint main() {\n    int date;\n    printf(\"Enter date number 1-7: \");\n    scanf(\"%d\",&amp;date);\n\n    switch (date) {\n        case 1:\n            printf(\"Sunday\\n\");\n            break;\n        case 2:\n            printf(\"Monday\\n\");\n            break;\n        case 3:\n            printf(\"Tuesday\\n\");\n            break;\n        case 4:\n            printf(\"Wednesday\\n\");\n            break;\n        case 5:\n            printf(\"Thursday\\n\");\n            break;\n        case 6:\n            printf(\"Friday\\n\");\n            break;\n        case 7:\n            printf(\"Saturday\\n\");\n            break;\n        default:\n            printf(\"Invalid Entry. Please enter date code 1-7 only\\n\");\n            break;\n    }\n\n    return 0;\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Looping Statement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. for Loop<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>for (initialization; condition; increment) {\n    \/\/ code\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include &lt;stdio.h>\nint i;\nint main() {\n    for (i=1; i &lt;= 5; i++) {\n        printf(\"%d\\n\", i);\n    }\n    return 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. while Loop<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>while (condition) {\n    \/\/ code\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include &lt;stdio.h>\nint main() {\n    int i = 1;\n    while (i &lt;= 5) {\n        printf(\"%d\\n\", i);\n        i++;\n    }\n    return 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. do while Loop<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>do {\n    \/\/ code\n} while (condition);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include &lt;stdio.h>\nint main() {\n    int i = 1;\n    do {\n        printf(\"%d\\n\", i);\n        i++;\n    } while (i &lt;= 5);\n    return 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Array<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. One Dimensional Array<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>data_type array_name&#91;size];<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include &lt;stdio.h>\nint main() {\n    \/\/ Declare an array of integers with 5 elements\n    int num&#91;5] = {65, 14, 22, 49, 51};\n    \n    printf(\"The third(3) number is: %d\",num&#91;2]);\n\n    \/\/ Loop through the array and print each element\n    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 5; i++) {\n        printf(\"\\nElement at index %d: %d\", i, num&#91;i]);\n    }\n    return 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Two Dimensional Array (Matrix)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>data_type array_name&#91;rows]&#91;columns];<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include &lt;stdio.h>\nint main() {\n    \/\/ Declare a 2D array with 3 rows and 4 columns\n    int matrixA&#91;3]&#91;4] = {\n        {1, 2, 3, 4},\n        {5, 6, 7, 8},\n        {9, 10, 11, 12}\n    };\n \n    printf(\"MatrixA(2,3) is: %d\",matrixA&#91;1]&#91;2]);\n\n    \/\/ Loop through the array and print each element\n    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 3; i++) {\n        for (int j = 0; j &lt; 4; j++) {\n            printf(\"\\nElement at &#91;%d]&#91;%d]: %d\", i, j, matrixA&#91;i]&#91;j]);\n        }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Display the matrix in standard matrix form\n    printf(\"\\nMatrix A:\\n\");\n    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 3; i++) {\n        for (int j = 0; j &lt; 4; j++) {\n            printf(\"%d \", matrixA&#91;i]&#91;j]);\n        }\n        printf(\"\\n\");\n    }\n    return 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Multi Dimensional Array<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">a. 3D Array<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>int cube&#91;2]&#91;3]&#91;4];  \/\/ A 3D array with 2 layers, 3 rows, and 4 columns per layer.<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include &lt;stdio.h>\nint main() {\n    \/\/ Declare a 3D array with 2 pages, 3 rows, and 4 columns\n    int matrix&#91;2]&#91;3]&#91;4] = {\n        {\n            {1, 2, 3, 4},\n            {5, 6, 7, 8},\n            {9, 10, 11, 12}\n        },\n        {\n            {13, 14, 15, 16},\n            {17, 18, 19, 20},\n            {21, 22, 23, 24}\n        }\n    };\n\n    \/\/ Loop through the array and print each element\n    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 2; i++) {\n        for (int j = 0; j &lt; 3; j++) {\n            for (int k = 0; k &lt; 4; k++) {\n                printf(\"Element at &#91;%d]&#91;%d]&#91;%d]: %d\\n\", i, j, k, matrix&#91;i]&#91;j]&#91;k]);\n            }\n        }\n    }\n    return 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Addition of Matrix<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include &lt;stdio.h>\nint main() {\n    \/\/ Declare and initialize two 2x2 matrices\n    int matrixA&#91;2]&#91;2] = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}};\n    int matrixB&#91;2]&#91;2] = {{5, 6}, {7, 8}};\n    int result&#91;2]&#91;2]; \/\/ Matrix to store the result\n\n    \/\/ Add the two matrices\n    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 2; i++) {\n        for (int j = 0; j &lt; 2; j++) {\n            result&#91;i]&#91;j] = matrixA&#91;i]&#91;j] + matrixB&#91;i]&#91;j];\n        }\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Display the first matrix\n    printf(\"Matrix A:\\n\");\n    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 2; i++) {\n        for (int j = 0; j &lt; 2; j++) {\n            printf(\"%d \", matrixA&#91;i]&#91;j]);\n        }\n        printf(\"\\n\");\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Display the second matrix\n    printf(\"Matrix B:\\n\");\n    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 2; i++) {\n        for (int j = 0; j &lt; 2; j++) {\n            printf(\"%d \", matrixB&#91;i]&#91;j]);\n        }\n        printf(\"\\n\");\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Display the result matrix\n    printf(\"Result Matrix (Matrix A + Matrix B):\\n\");\n    for (int i = 0; i &lt; 2; i++) {\n        for (int j = 0; j &lt; 2; j++) {\n            printf(\"%d \", result&#91;i]&#91;j]);\n        }\n        printf(\"\\n\");\n    }\n    return 0;\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Functions in C<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A <strong>function<\/strong> in C is a block of code designed to perform a specific task. It enhances code reusability, modularity, and readability. Functions divide a large program into smaller, manageable pieces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Key Features of Functions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Modularity<\/strong>: Breaks down the program into smaller, reusable blocks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Reusability<\/strong>: Functions can be called multiple times in a program, reducing code repetition.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Easier Debugging<\/strong>: Errors are easier to isolate and fix in modular code.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Types of Functions in C<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Library Functions<\/strong>: Predefined functions provided by C (e.g., <code>printf()<\/code>, <code>scanf()<\/code>, <code>strlen()<\/code>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>User-Defined Functions<\/strong>: Functions created by the programmer for specific tasks.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Structure of a Function<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>A function consists of three parts:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function Declaration (Prototype)<\/strong>: Describes the function&#8217;s name, return type, and parameters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code><code>int add(int a, int b);<\/code><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function Definition<\/strong>: Contains the actual code to perform the task.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>int add(int a, int b){ \n    return a + b; \n}<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Function Call<\/strong>: Invokes the function to execute its code.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>int result = add(5, 3); \nprintf(\"Result: %d\", result);<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Syntax of a Function<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">return_type function_name(parameters) { \/\/return type: void, int, char etc <br>    \/\/ Body of the function<br>    return value; \/\/ Optional<br>}<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Passing Arguments to Functions<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pass by Value<\/strong>: Copies the value of the argument into the function. Changes made inside the function do not affect the original variable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>void display(int x) { \nx = x + 10; \/\/ Changes only the local copy \nprintf(\"%d\", x); }<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Pass by Reference<\/strong>: Passes the address of the variable. Changes made inside the function affect the original variable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>void increment(int *x) { \n(*x)++; }<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Function Example<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-code\"><code>#include &lt;stdio.h>\n\/\/ Function declaration\nint multiply(int a, int b);\n\nint main() {\n    int x = 5, y = 10;\n    int result = multiply(x, y); \/\/ Function call\n    printf(\"Result: %d\\n\", result);\n    return 0;\n}\n\n\/\/ Function definition\nint multiply(int a, int b) {\n    return a * b;\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Defination: A general purpose, procedural programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972 at Bell Labs. 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