{"id":145,"date":"2025-01-21T21:04:29","date_gmt":"2025-01-21T15:19:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pokharelsugam.com.np\/bioinformatics\/?p=145"},"modified":"2025-01-22T22:34:37","modified_gmt":"2025-01-22T16:49:37","slug":"genetic-code","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pokharelsugam.com.np\/bioinformatics\/genetic-code\/","title":{"rendered":"Genetic Code"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Defination : <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is the set of rules by which the information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is translated into the amino acid sequence of protein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Central Dogma:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The theory that states unidirectional flow of genetic information i.e; DNA to RNA to Protein<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DNA to DNA ( Replication), DNA to RNA (Transcription), RNA to Protein (Translation) <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reverse Central Dogma<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The process of formation of DNA from RNA to produce multiple RNA or synthesize protein is called reverse central dogma it seen in RNA virus<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"image\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Features of Genetic Code<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • It is a triplet (3) nucleotide base of mRNA complementary to DNA. i.e; TAC(DNA) to AUG (mRNA) to Methionine amino acid.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • One amino acid coded by more than one genetic code except methionine and tryptophan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • It determine the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Genetic code is dictionary that help to translate language of Nucleic Acid to language of Protein.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • It is triplet of four nucleotide bases of mRNA. i.e; A, U, G, C<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • There is 64 triplet nucleotide sequence combination<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Among 64 triplet combination only 61 combination codes amino acids while 3 do not code amino acid called termination codon.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Among 61 codon 2 codon AUG (Methionine) and GUG (Valine) are Initiation codon that initiate Protein Translation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Remaining 59 Codon codes 19 Amino acids.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Genetic Code is not Overlapping. eg: CATGAT = Possible(CAT, GAT) , Impossible (ATG, TGA, GAT).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • It is comma less meaning read continuously. Example AUC GGC AU<\/s><\/strong>G A = AUC GGC AGA<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • It is non ambiguous i.e; specific to amino acids. Except GGA: Glycine, Glutamine which is ambiguous.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • It is universal. i.e; Same genetic code is used to code same amino acid in all living organisms including virus.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Wobbling Effect:<\/strong> If third base of codon change there is no effect in reading of some amino acid. eg: Serine: UCU<\/s>, UCC<\/s>, UCA<\/s>, UCG<\/s>, Arginine: CGU<\/s>, CGC<\/s>, CGA<\/s>, CGG<\/s><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Doublet Codon Quick Guide (Actually Doublet codon do not code amino acid)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    AA: Asn, CC: Pro, GG: Gly, AC: Thr, CG: Arg, CU: Leu, GC: Ala, GG: Gly, UA:Tyr, UC: Ser, UG:Cys<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Termination Codon:<\/strong> UAA, UGA, UAG<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Initiating Codon:<\/strong> AUG, GUG<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Purines:<\/strong> Double Ring Structured Nitrogen Base (A, G)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pyrimidines:<\/strong> Single Ring Structured Nitrogen Base (T \/U, C)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1-Letter Code<\/strong><\/td>3-Letter Code<\/strong><\/td>Full Name<\/strong><\/td>mRNA Codons (Complementary to DNA Sense Strand)<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    A<\/td>Ala<\/td>A<\/strong>lanine<\/td>GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG<\/td><\/tr>
    R<\/td>Arg<\/td>AR<\/strong>ginine<\/td>CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG<\/td><\/tr>
    N<\/td>Asn<\/td>AsparagiN<\/strong>e<\/td>AAU, AAC<\/td><\/tr>
    D<\/td>Asp<\/td>Aspartic AciD<\/strong><\/td>GAU, GAC<\/td><\/tr>
    C<\/td>Cys<\/td>C<\/strong>ysteine<\/td>UGU, UGC<\/td><\/tr>
    E<\/td>Glu<\/td>GlutaMI<\/strong>c Acid<\/td>GAA, GAG<\/td><\/tr>
    Q<\/td>Gln<\/td>GlutaMINE<\/strong><\/td>CAA, CAG<\/td><\/tr>
    G<\/td>Gly<\/td>G<\/strong>lycine<\/td>GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG<\/td><\/tr>
    H<\/td>His<\/td>H<\/strong>istidine<\/td>CAU, CAC<\/td><\/tr>
    I<\/td>Ile<\/td>I<\/strong>soleucine<\/td>AUU, AUC, AUA<\/td><\/tr>
    L<\/td>Leu<\/td>L<\/strong>eucine<\/td>UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG<\/td><\/tr>
    K<\/td>Lys<\/td>LY<\/strong>sine<\/td>AAA, AAG<\/td><\/tr>
    M<\/td>Met<\/td>M<\/strong>ethionine<\/td>AUG<\/td><\/tr>
    F<\/td>Phe<\/td>PHE<\/strong>nylalanine<\/td>UUU, UUC<\/td><\/tr>
    P<\/td>Pro<\/td>P<\/strong>roline<\/td>CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG<\/td><\/tr>
    S<\/td>Ser<\/td>S<\/strong>erine<\/td>UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC<\/td><\/tr>
    T<\/td>Thr<\/td>T<\/strong>hreonine<\/td>ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG<\/td><\/tr>
    W<\/td>Trp<\/td>Tryptophan<\/td>UGG<\/td><\/tr>
    Y<\/td>Tyr<\/td>TY<\/strong>rosine<\/td>UAU, UAC<\/td><\/tr>
    V<\/td>Val<\/td>V<\/strong>aline<\/td>GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG<\/td><\/tr>
    U<\/td>Sec<\/td>SeleNO<\/strong>cysteine<\/td>UGA (Sec insertion sequence)<\/td><\/tr>
    O<\/td>Pyl<\/td>PyrrO<\/strong>lysine<\/td>UAG (Pyrrolysine insertion sequence)<\/td><\/tr>
    X<\/td>Any<\/td>Unknown\/Any Amino Acid<\/td>Varies<\/td><\/tr>
    Z<\/td>Glx<\/td>Glutamic Acid or Glutamine<\/td>GAA, GAG, CAA, CAG<\/td><\/tr>
    B<\/td>Asx<\/td>Aspartic Acid or Asparagine<\/td>GAU, GAC, AAU, AAC<\/td><\/tr>
    J<\/td>Xle<\/td>Leucine or Isoleucine<\/td>UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG, AUU, AUC, AUA<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Defination : It is the set of rules by which the information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":null,"ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":null,"ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":null,"ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":null,"stick-header-meta":null,"header-above-stick-meta":null,"header-main-stick-meta":null,"header-below-stick-meta":null,"astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-145","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bioinformatics","category-general-bioinformatics"],"yoast_head":"\nGenetic Code - 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